1 Session 3230

Using Small Groups to Promote Active Learning and

Student Satisfaction in a Required Engineering Ethics Course


Charles F. Yokomoto/Roger Ware

Electrical Engineering/Psychology

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis


Presented at the 1998 ASEE Annual Conference

June 28-July 1, 1998

Seattle, WA


2
WHY ETHICS?


  • The increasing complexity of the working world which necessitates the inclusion of professional ethics in the curriculum

  • Universities have begun to include some variation of ethics as a campus general education principle for regional accreditation

  • ABET'S EC2000 learning outcome states that engineering programs "must demonstrate that their graduates have an understanding of professional and ethical responsibilities"

  • The Fundamentals of Engineering examination includes a series of questions on ethics



2b

QUESTIONS FOR THE AUDIENCE


  • How many of you are from departments that have a required ethics course, either taught in-house of by a service department?

  • How many are from departments that teach such a course in-house?

  • How many of you personally teach or have taught such a course?

  • How many of you (are concerned that) may have to teach such a course?



  • 2c

    REASONS WHY A STUDENT MIGHT WANT TO TAKE A COURSE IN PROFESSIONAL ETHICS?


  • Because if is required

  • To learn right from wrong, ethical from unethical, etc.

  • Because he/she might need it later on the job

  • To learn about other people and how they think

  • To learn and practice some new thinking skills and processes

  • Because it might be fun and enjoyable



  • 2d

    USEFUL GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING AN ETHICS COURSE FOR ENGINEERING/TECHNOLOGY
    MAJORS

  • Use collaborative or cooperative groups

  • Make it fun

  • Don't lecture too much

  • Let students talk

  • Test their minds (give them plenty to think about)

  • Make the material relevant to their current lives, not just to their future engineering lives

  • Show them how the course may help them in their careers--like life insurance--you hope you don't need it, but you're glad you have it

  • Use case studies



  • 2e

    ILLUSTRATING THE CHALLENGE


    STUDENT: "I don't need a course in ethics. I am an ethical person. I know right from wrong. I'd rather take a one-credit technical project instead."





    2f

    SATISFYING OUTCOMES


    "The course was more interesting than I thought it would be."

    "I didn't realize you profs had a human side."

    "This course will help me confront an ethical situation in my job because I know what to expect."

    "I was going to come to you to help me resolve a problem I had because I knew you could help me ask the right questions, but I realized my group could help me also."

    "I think I'll take a course in ethics from the philosophy department."



    3
  • Stephen H. Unger1 goes so far as to say,

    "Every engineering student should be required to take such a course (in ethics) in the freshman year."

    "Engineering faculty should teach the courses so that students will get the message that ethics are important."

    [1] S. H. Unger, "A Required Course in Engineering Ethics?", The Interface, April 1996, pp., 7-8.



  • 4
    THE ETHICS COURSE AT IUPUI


  • Required, one-credit course, first taught in 1987

  • Uses collaborative groups

  • In-class and out-of-class discussion groups

  • Library research

  • Case studies

  • Group written and oral presentations

  • Individual written and oral presentations for accountability

  • Essay final exam

  • A minimum of traditional lectures



  • 5
    ABET EC2000 OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT


  • Knowledge of contemporary issues

  • Understanding the impact of engineering solutions in a global societal context

  • Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

  • Communicating effectively



  • 6
    FACULTY CONCERNS


  • Facilitate student acceptance of a required course in applied engineering ethics

  • Counteract commonly heard student opinions that "ethics and the determination of right from wrong are common sense issues and that students do not need to take an ethics."

  • Keep students from getting bored ("Why do I have to take this? It has nothing to do with engineering.")



  • 7
    COURSE DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES


    1. In-class and out-of-class group discussion should be the main mode of learning to promote student involvement.

    2. Assignments should help students develop their skills in recognizing and processing dilemmas.

    3. Reading assignments should cut across a wide path from basic principles to case studies.

    4. For individual accountability, there should be several individually prepared written papers and oral presentations and an individually written final exam.

    5. Students should rate each member of his or her group for individual accountability.



    8
    TEXTBOOK READINGS


  • Definitions ethics and applied ethics

  • Models and theories of right actions

  • Whistle blowing

  • Conflict of interest

  • Confidentiality

  • Cases

  • Codes of ethics



  • 9
    DISTRIBUTION OF ASSIGNMENT TYPES


  • Seven lectures of 30 minutes or less

  • Seven in-class and out-of-class group assignments requiring written and oral presentations, two requiring library research

  • One of the seven oral presentations is a group presentation of an ethical dilemma

  • A written final exam



  • 10, 11
    COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    From Engineering Ethics, by Martin and Schinzinger

    Students should be able to:

  • Recognize moral problems and issues

  • Comprehend, clarify, and critically assessing arguments on opposing sides of moral issues

  • Write and speak effectively

  • Form consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based on consideration of relevant facts

  • Develop alternative responses to issues and creative solutions for practical difficulties

  • Be sensitive to genuine difficulties and subtleties, including a willingness to undergo and tolerate some uncertainty in making troublesome moral judgments or decisions

  • Use common ethical language, a necessity for being able to express and defend one's moral views adequately to others

  • Appreciate both the possibilities of using rational dialogue in resolving moral conflicts and of the need for tolerance of differences in perspective among morally reasonable people

  • Recognize the importance of integrating one's professional life and personal convictions--that is, the importance of maintaining one's moral integrity:



  • 12
    EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE


  • Group grades on written reports and oral presentations (68%)

  • Essay final exam (20%)

  • Attendance (12%)



  • 13
    ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT SATISFACTION (n=27)
    Item

    5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree


    Average
    1. The course should include more case studies 4.11
    2. This course will help me resolve ethical issues on the job 3.93
    3. Working in groups was a favorable experience 3.89
    4. This course was more interesting than I expected 3.48
    5. This course would be improved if a two-credit or three-credit course 3.37
    6. This course was as I expected (contents and structure) 3.26
    7. There should be more readings on applied ethics 2.93
    8. There should be more individual work and less group work 2.59
    9. There should be more readings on theories of ethics 2.52


    14
    TABLE 2: STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH READING ASSIGNMENTS
    Topic
    Rank
    Conflict of Interest 1
    Whistle Blowing 2
    Confidentiality 3
    Codes of Ethics 4
    Defining Ethics and Engineering Ethics 5
    Theories of Morality 6
    Kohlberg's and Gilligan's Models of Moral Development 7


    15
    TABLE 3: STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH LEARNING ACTIVITIES
    Activity
    Rank
    In-class small group discussion 1
    Discussing issues as a class 2
    Out-of-class discussions 3
    Listening to group presentations of an ethical dilemma 4
    Group presentation of an ethical dilemma 5
    Listening to lectures 6
    Reading daily newspapers to collect articles that reflect ethical issues 7


    16
    CONCLUDING REMARKS


  • Using small group exercises can facilitate student acceptance of a required ethics course.

  • Students often comment that this is the first time that an instructor has asked for their opinions and that they were given a chance to argue a position.

  • It is also not uncommon to hear a student say that he or she thought that the course was going to be boring and find it quite interesting.

  • We expect that the course will play a major role in the assessment of learning outcomes under ABET EC2000.



  • 17, 18

    Day



    Appendix 1: Course Outline
    1 Overview of the course: What you should gain from the course

    Assignment 1: Group research on "What is Ethics?", due period 3

    Assignment 2: Collecting newspaper articles, due period 6

    Homework: Read Chapter 1 on ethics, applied ethics, and types of inquiries

    2 Discussion of reading assignment

    In-class: Begin group work on "What is Ethics?"

    Group homework: Continue working "What is Ethics?"

    3 Presentations of Assignment 1 by group spokespersons

    Assignment 3: Group prepares a report on the textbook's definition of engineering ethics

    Assignment 7: Group creation of scenarios that contain dilemmas

    4 Presentation of Assignment 3

    Homework: Read rest of Chapter 1 through "Theories of Kohlberg and Gilligan"

    5 Discussion of the reading assignment on Kohlberg's Theory and Gilligan's Theory

    Presentations of Assignment 7

    Homework: Read about Whistle Blowing, pp 246-256

    6 Discussion of reading assignment on whistle blowing

    In-class activity: Processing an engineer's ethical dilemma

    7 Presentations of resolution of engineer's ethical dilemma

    Homework: Read "Theories About Right Actions, "pp. 51-60, and "Virtue," p. 40-42

    8 Discussion of the reading assignment on right actions and virtue

    Homework: Read Chapter 3, "Codes of Ethics," pp. 105-111

    9 Group quiz: Brainstorming a dilemma

    Discuss reading assignment on codes of ethics

    Homework: Read pp. 216-223 on Conflict of Interest for period 10

    10 In-class activity: Group Process of news articles for presentation
    11 Discuss reading assignment on conflict of interest
    12 Begin group presentations of dilemmas found in news articles
    13 Complete remaining group presentations

    Read: NSPE Code of Ethics in the textbook's appendix

    14 In-class activity: Evaluating the NSPE Code of Ethics on the bases of duty-based ethics, goal-based ethics, rights ethics, and virtue-based ethics.
    15 Peer evaluation of team members' contributions
    16 Essay final exam (open textbook)




    ASSIGNMENTS


    All written assignments are to be turned in. Your papers will be graded as essays.

    H-1. You will work in groups of five students. Each group should select a group leader and a group recorder. Your first group assignment is to do library research and prepare a written paper on the subject, "What is Ethics?" In this paper, develop a working definition of ethics in its general context. Do not merely give a dictionary or text book definition. DO NOT use any definitions from the text book and reference book listed for this course. DO NOT write on applied ethics, including engineering ethics (engineering ethics is part of another assignment.) Cite references used. There is no one correct answer, and it is quite common for different groups to report on different aspects and interpretations of ethics. Grading will be on the basis of contents and your presentation. You may structure your presentation as an informal lecture using standard English (informal does not mean unprepared). You may use an outline, note cards, or speak from memory, but you should not read your report verbatim. You should rehearse your presentation to polish it.

    This assignment is due (oral presentation and submitted written report) on period 3, at which time two spokespersons for each group will each give two-minute oral presentations, one person on your group's working definition of ethics and the second person on the group dynamics (describe the process that your group went through to come to its final position.) Your group's grade will be based on the contents of the two oral presentations, the quality of the oral presentations, and the quality of the written report on "What is Ethics?". For your first presentation, first state your group's final working definition of ethics; then describe the information you uncovered in your research; then repeat your working definition. The second presenter then describes the group dynamics, including the opinions of individuals at the beginning of discussion, how they may have remained the same or changed as conclusions were drawn, and how easy or difficult it was for the group to reach a consensus opinion.

    H-2. Each group is to collect at least six articles that address current ethical issues, three each of the following two categories: (1) articles which address ethical issues for which the group has a firm opinion of right and wrong, and (2) articles which address issues that are not clear cut to the group (articles which have strong arguments for both sides). At least three articles must come from newspapers and weekly news magazines; the rest may be obtained from the Web. Articles from regularly appearing ethics columns may be submitted.

    Articles which do not address an ethical issue but instead talk about ethics as a concept, ethics and its importance to society, ethics and government, and other nonissue ethics articles will give you extra credit.

    For each article, write a short description of the article, including the title, the author, the source, the category, and the issue. Also trim your articles and affix them to 8 1/2 x 11 inch paper. Be sure to describe the issue, i.e., the point of contention. Articles, particularly those that fall in category 2, should describe a controversy. Articles should be dated no earlier than Jan. 1, 1998. Articles are due at the beginning of period six (this due date might be extended if articles are sparse). Articles beyond the six required may help your grade. Do not submit more than 9 articles. The quality of the issue will be considered in assigning grades. Later in the semester (assignment H-5), your group will select an article from those collected by members in your group for a group presentation. Save photo copies of all articles submitted.

    H-3/H-8. Prior to class, each person should write a paragraph his or her interpretation of the textbook's description of engineering ethics. This paragraph (guidelines: 200 words) should be typed or word processes, but neatly hand written papers are acceptable. In class, your group will collaborate to write a paragraph that describes your groups consensus description of engineering ethics (H-3). This can be hand written in pencil or ink as long as it is readable. Attach all individually prepared contributions to your report, as these will also be graded as individual written assignments (H-8). A spokesperson other than the one who delivered your group's report on H-1 will make a short report to the class during the remainder of the period from a seated position. For this assignment, the oral report will be graded on a contents basis only basis because of the short preparation time. Do not write about normative, factual, and conceptual inquiries.

    H-4. Each group will discuss an engineering dilemma during this class period and prepare a short written report that is to be submitted next period. A spokesperson who has not previously given a group report should